Chemistry for Chemical Engineers Ashleigh Fleecher

Free chemistry book download: Chemistry for Chemical Engineers

Chemistry for Chemical Engineers provides background in the topics of mass and energy balances, which are distinct to chemical engineering.

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Content

1. Quantifying systems
2. Atoms and bonding
3. The periodic table
4. Molecular structure
5. Mass and volume
6. The mole
7. Stoichiometry
8. Acid-base chemistry
9. Basic organic chemistry
10. Basic thermodynamics
11. Kinetic theory of gases
12. Physical properties of gases
13. Equilibria and kinetics
14. Effect of reaction conditions on the equilibrium position
15. Liquids and solutions
16. Colligative properties
17. Chemical reactions
18. Hess’s law and temperature dependence of equilibria
19. Material balances
20. Energy balances
21. Biography for Dr. Ashleigh Fletcher

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Chemistry by Prip Beier and Dybdahl

Chemistry by Prip Beier and Dybdahl

Origin of Chemistry by Prip Beier and Dybdahl

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This book is written primarily to engineering students in the fields of basic chemistry, environmental chemistry, food production, chemical and biochemical engineering who in the beginning of their university studies receive education in inorganic chemistry and applied chemistry in general. The aim of this book is to explain and clarify important terms and concepts which the students are supposed to be familiar with.

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Waste treatment and disposal-Wiley Free chemistry books

Chemistry and creativity Waste Treatment and Disposal, 2nd Edition

PAUL T. WILLIAMS
Professor of Environmental Engineering
The University of Leeds, UK

Description

Following on from the successful first edition of Waste Treatment & Disposal, this second edition has been completely updated, and provides comprehensive coverage of waste process engineering and disposal methodologies. Concentrating on the range of technologies available for household and commercial waste, it also presents readers with relevant legislative background material as boxed features.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction.
1.1 History of Waste Treatment and Disposal.
1.2 European Union Waste Management Policy.
1.3 Waste Strategy of the European Community.
1.4 Policy Instruments.
1.5 EU Waste Management Legislation.
1.6 The Economics of Waste Management.
1.7 Options for Waste Treatment and Disposal.
2 Waste.
2.1 Definitions of Waste.
2.2 Waste Arisings.
2.3 Municipal solid waste (MSW).
2.4 Hazardous waste.
2.5 Sewage sludge.
2.6 Other Wastes.
2.7 Waste Containers, Collection Systems and Transport.
3 Waste Recycling.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Waste recycling.
3.3 Examples of Waste Recycling.
3.4 Economic Considerations.
3.5 Life Cycle Analysis of Materials Recycling.
4 Waste Landfill.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 EC Waste Landfill Directive.
4.3 Site Selection and Assessment.
4.4 Considerations for Landfills.
4.5 Types of Waste Landfilled.
4.6 Landfill Design and Engineering.
4.7 Landfill Liner Materials.
4.8 Landfill Liner Systems.
4.9 Processes Operating in Waste Landfills.
4.10 Other Landfill Design Types.
4.11 Landfill Gas.
4.12 Landfill Leachate.
4.13 Landfill Capping.
4.14 Landfill Site Completion and Restoration.
4.15 Energy Recovery from Landfill Gas.
4.16 Old Landfill Sites.
5 Waste Incineration.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 EC Waste Incineration Directive.
5.3 Incineration Systems.
6 Other Treatment Technologies; Pyrolysis, Gasification, Combined Pyrolysis-Gasification, Composting, Anaerobic Digestion.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Pyrolysis.
6.3 Gasification.
6.4 Combined Pyrolysis-Gasification.
6.5 Composting.
6.6 Anaerobic Digestion.
7 Integrated Waste Management.
7.1 Integrated Waste Management.

This second edition arises from the 1998 first edition (published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
1998) which was largely based on the UK. This new book has been substantially revised
and rewritten to cover waste treatment and disposal with particular emphasis on Europe.
Increasingly in Europe the European Commission legislation has had a major influence on
the management of solid waste and hence the need for a European focussed text. The book
is aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students undertaking courses in Environmental
Science and Environmental, Civil, Chemical and Energy Engineering, with a component
of waste treatment and disposal. It is also aimed at professional people in the waste management
industry.

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Practical Guide to Polyvinyl Chloride free books

Chemistry study guide:Practical Guide to Polyvinyl Chloride

S.G. Patrick

Practical Guide to Polyvinyl Chloride

Contents

1 Introduction 

1.1 Background 

1.2 History

1.3 Major Advantages and Limitations

1.3.1 Major Advantages 

1.3.2 Limitations

1.4 Applications

1.5 Competitive Materials 

1.6 Market Share and Consumption Trend

1.7 Industry Outline and Major Suppliers

1.8 Material Pricing

1.9 Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues

1.9.1 Phthalate Plasticisers

1.9.2 Heat Stabilisers 

1.9.3 Bisphenol A/Alkylphenols 

1.9.4 Epoxidised Soya Bean Oil (ESBO) 

1.9.5 Green Product Procurement Policies/Eco-labelling

1.9.6 End-of-life Issues 

1.9.7 Fire Performance .......................................................................................... 8

2 PVC Resins ......................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Raw Starting Materials ............................................................................................. 11

2.2 Vinyl Chloride Manufacture ..................................................................................... 12

2.3 Polymerisation .......................................................................................................... 12

2.3.1 Homopolymers ........................................................................................... 13

2.3.2 Copolymers and Terpolymers ..................................................................... 15

2.3.3 Chlorinated PVC (C-PVC) .......................................................................... 17

2.4 PVC Resin Characterisation ..................................................................................... 17

2.4.1 Molecular Weight ....................................................................................... 17

2.4.2 Particle Size ................................................................................................ 17

2.4.3 Bulk Powder Properties .............................................................................. 18

2.4.4 Porosity ...................................................................................................... 18

2.5 Storage and Transportation ...................................................................................... 18

2.6 Role of Additives ...................................................................................................... 18

2.7 Identifi cation ............................................................................................................ 19

Practical Guide to Polyvinyl Chloride

3 PVC Additives .................................................................................................................... 21

3.1 Heat Stabilisers [1] ................................................................................................... 21

3.1.1 Solid Form .................................................................................................. 22

3.1.2 Liquid Stabilisers ........................................................................................ 24

3.2 Plasticisers ................................................................................................................ 27

3.2.1 PVC/Plasticiser Compatibility [3, 4] .......................................................... 27

3.2.2 Plasticisation Process .................................................................................. 28

3.2.3 Plasticiser Infl uence on Physical Properties ................................................. 29

3.2.4 Plasticiser Choice and Selection [13] ........................................................... 30

3.2.5 Plasticiser Types .......................................................................................... 32

3.3 Impact Modifi ers ...................................................................................................... 40

3.4 Process Aids .............................................................................................................. 42

3.5 Lubricants ................................................................................................................ 42

3.6 Fillers ........................................................................................................................ 43

3.6.1 Calcium Carbonate ..................................................................................... 44

3.6.2 Other Fillers ............................................................................................... 44

3.7 Flame Retardants (FR) and Smoke Suppressants (SS) ............................................... 44

3.8 Pigments ................................................................................................................... 45

3.8.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) ............................................................................ 45

3.8.2 Other Inorganic Pigments ........................................................................... 46

3.8.3 Organic Pigments ....................................................................................... 47

3.8.4 Pigment Concentrates and Masterbatches ................................................... 47

3.9 Microbiocides ........................................................................................................... 47

3.10 Blowing Agents ......................................................................................................... 48

3.11 Antioxidants and Light Stabilisers ............................................................................ 49

3.12 Other PVC-P Additives ............................................................................................. 49

3.12.1 Antistatic Agents ........................................................................................ 49

3.12.2 Viscosity and Rheology Modifi ers ............................................................... 49

3.12.3 Bonding Agents/Adhesion Promoters .......................................................... 50

4 Testing and Properties ......................................................................................................... 53

4.1 Density ..................................................................................................................... 53

4.2 Water Absorption ..................................................................................................... 53

4.3 Mechanical Properties .............................................................................................. 53

4.3.1 Hardness .................................................................................................... 54

4.3.2 Tensile Properties ........................................................................................ 55

4.3.3 Flexural Properties ...................................................................................... 56

4.3.4 Impact Properties ........................................................................................ 57

4.3.5 Fatigue ........................................................................................................ 58

4.4 Thermal Properties ................................................................................................... 59

4.4.1 Thermal Conductivity ................................................................................. 59

4.4.2 Heat Defl ection Temperature ...................................................................... 59

4.4.3 Vicat Softening Point .................................................................................. 60

4.4.4 Linear Expansion Coeffi cient ...................................................................... 60

4.4.5 Specifi c Heat Capacity ................................................................................ 60

4.4.6 Cold Flex Temperature ............................................................................... 60

4.5 Electrical Properties .................................................................................................. 60

4.5.1 Volume Resistivity ...................................................................................... 61

4.5.2 Dielectric Constant or Relative Permittivity ................................................ 61

4.5.3 Loss Modulus or Dissipation Factor ........................................................... 62

4.5.4 Breakdown Voltage or Dielectric Strength .................................................. 62

4.5.5 Arc Resistance ............................................................................................ 62

4.6 Fire Properties .......................................................................................................... 62

4.6.1 Self-ignition Temperature ............................................................................ 62

4.6.2 Flame Ignition Temperature ........................................................................ 63

4.6.3 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) ..................................................................... 63

4.6.4 NBS Cone Calorimeter ............................................................................... 63

4.6.5 Smoke Evolution ........................................................................................ 64

4.6.6 Fire Performance of PVC ............................................................................ 64

4.6.7 Fire Testing in the EU ................................................................................. 65

4.7 Optical Properties ..................................................................................................... 67

4.7.1 Transparency .............................................................................................. 67

4.7.2 Gloss Level ................................................................................................. 68

4.7.3 Colour ........................................................................................................ 68

4.8 Surface Properties ..................................................................................................... 68

4.8.1 Abrasion Resistance .................................................................................... 68

4.8.2 Surface Resistivity ....................................................................................... 69

4.9 Biological Behaviour ................................................................................................. 69

4.9.1 Assessment under Food and Water Legislation ........................................... 69

4.9.2 Assessment under Medical Legislation ........................................................ 72

4.9.3 Sterilisation ................................................................................................. 74

4.10 Resistance to Micro-organisms ................................................................................. 76

4.11 Performance in Service .............................................................................................. 76

4.11.1 Maximum Continuous Use Temperature .................................................... 76

4.11.2 Stability to Light, UV Radiation, and Weathering ....................................... 76

4.11.3 Chemical Resistance ................................................................................... 77

4.11.4 Permeability ................................................................................................ 78

5 Design ................................................................................................................................. 83

5.1 Design Considerations for PVC-U Materials ............................................................. 83

5.1.1 Pipe ............................................................................................................ 83

5.1.2 Exterior Construction Applications ............................................................ 85

5.1.3 Interior Construction Applications ............................................................. 89

5.2 Design Considerations for PVC-P Materials ............................................................. 89

5.2.1 Electrical Cable ........................................................................................... 89

5.2.2 Resilient Flooring ....................................................................................... 90

5.2.3 Wall Covering ............................................................................................. 91

5.2.4 Roofi ng Membranes ................................................................................... 92

5.2.5 Coated Metal .............................................................................................. 93

Practical Guide to Polyvinyl Chloride

5.2.6 Toys and Baby Care Items .......................................................................... 93

5.2.7 Safety and Personal Protection .................................................................... 93

5.2.8 Automotive and Transport .......................................................................... 94

5.2.9 Advertising Banners .................................................................................... 95

6 Processing of PVC ............................................................................................................... 97

6.1 Dry Blend Mixing ..................................................................................................... 97

6.1.1 High Intensity ............................................................................................. 97

6.1.2 Low Intensity .............................................................................................. 98

6.2 Liquid PVC Blending ................................................................................................ 98

6.3 Gelation .................................................................................................................... 99

6.4 Melt Processing ...................................................................................................... 100

6.4.1 Melt Compounding .................................................................................. 100

6.4.2 Extrusion .................................................................................................. 101

6.5 Injection Moulding ................................................................................................. 104

6.6 Extrusion Blow Moulding ...................................................................................... 105

6.7 Calendering ............................................................................................................ 105

6.8 Plastisol Moulding Processes .................................................................................. 106

6.8.1 Rheology .................................................................................................. 106

6.8.2 Spreading or Coating ................................................................................ 106

6.8.3 Rotational, Slush, and Dip Moulding ....................................................... 107

6.9 Powder Moulding Processes ................................................................................... 107

6.9.1 Fluidised Bed ............................................................................................ 107

7 Property Enhancement of PVC ......................................................................................... 109

7.1 Crosslinked PVC .................................................................................................... 109

7.1.1 Chemical Crosslinking .............................................................................. 109

7.1.2 Irradiation Crosslinking ............................................................................ 110

7.2 Orientation ............................................................................................................. 110

7.2.1 Pipe .......................................................................................................... 110

7.2.2 Sheet ......................................................................................................... 111

7.3 Blends and Alloys ................................................................................................... 111

7.3.1 Flexibilisers/Internal Plasticisers ................................................................ 111

7.3.2 Ultrahigh Molecular Weight (UHMW) PVC ............................................. 112

7.4 Nanocomposites ..................................................................................................... 113

7.4.1 Melt Intercalation ..................................................................................... 113

7.4.2 Solvent Method ........................................................................................ 114

7.4.3 In Situ Polymerisation .............................................................................. 114

7.5 Wood Composites .................................................................................................. 114

8 Post-processing and Assembly ........................................................................................... 117

8.1 Post-processing ....................................................................................................... 117

8.1.1 Thermoforming ........................................................................................ 117

8.1.2 Printing and Coating ................................................................................ 117

v

Contents

8.2 Assembly Techniques .............................................................................................. 119

8.2.1 Welding .................................................................................................... 119

8.2.2 Adhesion .................................................................................................. 121

8.3 Mechanical Assembly ............................................................................................. 122

8.3.1 Machining, Cutting, and Fastening ........................................................... 122

9 Sustainable Development .................................................................................................. 123

9.1 Environmental Attack and Response ...................................................................... 123

9.2 Vinyl 2010/Chlorine Industry Sustainability Commitments .................................... 125

9.2.1 Chlorine Generation ................................................................................. 126

9.2.2 PVC Production Industry Charters ........................................................... 126

9.2.3 Conversion with Additives ........................................................................ 128

9.3 End of Life and Waste Management ....................................................................... 132

9.3.1 PVC-rich Waste: Mechanical Recycling .................................................... 133

9.3.2 PVC Feedstock Recycling ......................................................................... 138

9.3.3 Incineration/Energy Recovery ................................................................... 139

9.3.4 Controlled Landfi ll ................................................................................... 140

9.4 Life Cycle Assessments ........................................................................................... 140

9.4.1 Eco-profi les ............................................................................................... 141

9.5 Social Factors ......................................................................................................... 142

10 Causes of Failure .............................................................................................................. 145

Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................................... 147

Index ......................................................................................................................................... 153

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Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologie

Chemistry and creativity Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologie

Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologie

This volume covers the practices and technologies that are and can be applied to the management and prevention of solid waste. It is the third volume in a series that focuses on approaches to improving environmental performance in a costeffective manner. Earlier volumes in this Butterworth-Heinemann series are the Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies and Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control. In addition, the book Green Profits: The Manager's Handbook for ISO 14001 and Pollution Prevention establishes much of the foundation for and philosophy behind these volumes. The current volume is intended to provide engineers, environmental managers, and students with a survey of the technologies and strategies for reducing solid waste generation, and in applying resource recovery, and waste-to-energy techniques. Discussions focus on both municipal and industrial solid wastes. The
interdependency of pollution and waste media cannot be readily distinguished, so in many instances relationships between waste management and pollution control and prevention strategies for air and water are included in topical discussions.

Contents

Chapter 1. Source Reduction and Waste Minimization

Chapter 2. Environmental Laws and Regulatory Drivers

Chapter 3. Municipal Solid Waste,

Chapter 4. Landfill Operations and Gas Energy Recovery

Chapter 5. Volume Reduction Technologies

Chapter 6. Biosolids Technologies and Applications

Chapter 7. Industry Practices

Chapter 8. Establishing P2 and Waste Minimization Programs

Glossary of Environmental and Waste Management Terms

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Adsorption Technology in Water Treatment Free chemistry books

Adsorption Technology in Water Treatment

Worch, Eckhard

Adsorption Technology in Water Treatment 

Fundamentals, Processes, and Modeling

The principle of adsorption and the ability of certain solid materials to remove dissolved substances from water have long been known. For about 100 years, adsorption technology has been used to a broader extent for water treatment, and during this time, it has not lost its relevance. On the contrary, new application fields, besides the conventional application in drinking water treatment, have been added in recent decades, such as groundwater remediation or enhanced wastewater treatment. The presented monograph treats the theoretical fundamentals of adsorption technology for water treatment. In particular, it presents the most important basics needed for planning and evaluation of experimental adsorption studies as well as

for process modeling and adsorber design. The intention is to provide general basics, which can be adapted to the respective requirements, rather than specific application examples for selected adsorbents or adsorbates. As a practice-oriented book, it focuses more on the macroscopic processes in the reactors than on the microscopic processes at the molecular level. The book begins with an introduction into basic concepts and an overview of adsorption processes in water treatment, followed by a chapter on adsorbents and their characterization. The main chapters of the book deal with the three constituents of the

practice-related adsorption theory: adsorption equilibria, adsorption kinetics, and adsorption dynamics in fixed-bed columns. Single-solute systems as well as multicomponent systems of known and unknown composition are considered.Aspecial emphasis is given to the competitive adsorption of micropollutants and organic background compounds due to the high relevance formicropollutant removal fromdifferent types

of water. The treatment of engineered processes ends with a chapter on the restoration of the adsorbent capacity by regeneration and reactivation. The contents of the book are completed by an outlook on geosorption processes, which play an important role in seminatural treatment processes such as bank filtration or groundwater recharge. It was in the mid-1970s, at the beginning of my PhD studies, when I was first faced with the theme of adsorption. Although I have broadened my research field during my scientific career, adsorption has always remained in the focus of my interests. I would be pleased if this book, which is based on my long-term experience in the field of adsorption, would help readers to find an easy access to the

fundamentals of this important water treatment process. I would like to thank all those who contributed to this book by some means or other, in particular my PhD students as well as numerous partners in different

adsorption projects.

Eckhard Worch

January 2012

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Basic concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 Adsorption as a surface process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.2 Some general thermodynamic considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1.3 Adsorption versus absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.4 Description of adsorption processes: The structure of the

adsorption theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Engineered adsorption processes in water treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2.2 Drinking water treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.3 Wastewater treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.2.4 Hybrid processes in water treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 Natural sorption processes in water treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2 Adsorbents and adsorbent characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.1 Introduction and adsorbent classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Engineered adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.1 Activated carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.2 Polymeric adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.2.3 Oxidic adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.2.4 Synthetic zeolites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.3 Natural and low-cost adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.4 Geosorbents in environmental compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.5 Adsorbent characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.5.1 Densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.5.2 Porosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.5.3 External surface area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.5.4 Internal surface area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.5.5 Pore-size distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.5.6 Surface chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3 Adsorption equilibrium I: General aspects and single-solute adsorption . . . 41

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.2 Experimental determination of equilibrium data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3.2.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3.2.2 Practical aspects of isotherm determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.3 Isotherm equations for single-solute adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.3.1 Classification of single-solute isotherm equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.3.2 Irreversible isotherm and one-parameter isotherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.3.3 Two-parameter isotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.3.4 Three-parameter isotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

3.3.5 Isotherm equations with more than three parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

3.4 Prediction of isotherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3.5 Temperature dependence of adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3.6 Slurry adsorber design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.6.1 General aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.6.2 Single-stage adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

3.6.3 Two-stage adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.7 Application of isotherm data in kinetic or breakthrough

curve models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

4 Adsorption equilibrium II: Multisolute adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

4.2 Experimental determination of equilibrium data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

4.3 Overview of existing multisolute adsorption models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

4.4 Multisolute isotherm equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

4.5 The ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4.5.1 Basics of the IAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

4.5.2 Solution to the IAST for given equilibrium concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

4.5.3 Solution to the IAST for given initial concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

4.6 The pH dependence of adsorption: A special case of

competitive adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

4.7 Adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

4.7.1 The significance of NOM in activated carbon adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

4.7.2 Modeling of NOM adsorption: The fictive component approach

(adsorption analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.7.3 Competitive adsorption of micropollutants and NOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.8 Slurry adsorber design for multisolute adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

4.8.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

4.8.2 NOM adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

4.8.3 Competitive adsorption of micropollutants and NOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

4.8.4 Nonequilibrium adsorption in slurry reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

4.9 Special applications of the fictive component approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

VI Contents

5 Adsorption kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.2 Mass transfer mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

5.3 Experimental determination of kinetic curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5.4 Mass transfer models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5.4.1 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

5.4.2 Film diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5.4.3 Surface diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

5.4.4 Pore diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.4.5 Combined surface and pore diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

5.4.6 Simplified intraparticle diffusion model (LDF model) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

5.4.7 Reaction kinetic models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

5.4.8 Adsorption kinetics in multicomponent systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

5.5 Practical aspects: Slurry adsorber design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

6 Adsorption dynamics in fixed-bed adsorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.2 Experimental determination of breakthrough curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

6.3 Fixed-bed process parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

6.4 Material balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.4.1 Types of material balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.4.2 Integral material balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.4.3 Differential material balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

6.5 Practical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

6.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

6.5.2 Typical operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

6.5.3 Fixed-bed versus batch adsorber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

6.5.4 Multiple adsorber systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

7 Fixed-bed adsorber design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

7.1 Introduction and model classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

7.2 Scale-up methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

7.2.1 Mass transfer zone (MTZ) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

7.2.2 Length of unused bed (LUB) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

7.2.3 Rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

7.3 Equilibrium column model (ECM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

7.4 Complete breakthrough curve models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

7.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

7.4.2 Homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

7.4.3 Constant pattern approach to the HSDM (CPHSDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Contents VII

7.4.4 Linear driving force (LDF) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

7.4.5 Comparison of HSDM and LDF model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

7.4.6 Simplified breakthrough curve models with analytical solutions . . . . . . . . 226

7.5 Determination of model parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

7.5.1 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

7.5.2 Single-solute adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

7.5.3 Competitive adsorption in defined multisolute systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

7.5.4 Competitive adsorption in complex systems of unknown composition . . . . 238

7.6 Special applications of breakthrough curve models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

7.6.1 Micropollutant adsorption in presence of natural organic matter . . . . . . . 240

7.6.2 Biologically active carbon filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

8 Desorption and reactivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

8.2 Physicochemical regeneration processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

8.2.1 Desorption into the gas phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

8.2.2 Desorption into the liquid phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

8.3 Reactivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

9 Geosorption processes in water treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

9.2 Experimental determination of geosorption data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

9.3 The advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and the

retardation concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

9.4 Simplified method for determination of Rd from

experimental breakthrough curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

9.5 Breakthrough curve modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

9.5.1 Introduction and model classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

9.5.2 Local equilibrium model (LEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

9.5.3 Linear driving force (LDF) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

9.5.4 Extension of the local equilibrium model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

9.6 Combined sorption and biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

9.6.1 General model approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

9.6.2 Special case: Natural organic matter (NOM) sorption

and biodegradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

9.7 The influence of pH and NOM on geosorption processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

9.7.1 pH-dependent sorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

9.7.2 Influence of NOM on micropollutant sorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

9.8 Practical aspects: Prediction of subsurface solute transport . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

9.8.1 General considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

VIII Contents

9.8.2 Prediction of sorption coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

9.8.3 Prediction of the dispersivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

10 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

10.1 Conversion of Freundlich coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

10.2 Evaluation of surface diffusion coefficients from experimental data . . . . . 298

10.3 Constant pattern solution to the homogeneous surface diffusion

model (CPHSDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

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Chemistry for engineering students 2nd edition-Free chemistry books download

Chemistry for Engineering Students

Category: Ebooks Chemical Engineering

About chemistry for engineering students 2nd edition

As you begin this chemistry course, odds are that you may be wondering “Why do I

have to take chemistry anyway? I’ll never really need to know any of this to be an engineer.”
So we’d like to begin by offering just a few examples of the many links between
our chosen fi eld of chemistry and the various branches of engineering. The most obvious
examples, of course, might come from chemical engineering. Many chemical
engineers are involved with the design or optimization of processes in the chemical
industry, so it is clear that they would be dealing with concepts from chemistry on a
daily basis. Similarly, civil or environmental engineers working on environmental protection
or remediation might spend a lot of time thinking about chemical reactions
taking place in the water supply or the air. But what about other engineering fi elds?
Much of modern electrical engineering relies on solid-state devices whose properties
can be tailored by carefully controlling their chemical compositions. And although
most electrical engineers do not regularly make their own chips, an understanding of
how those chips operate on an atomic scale is certainly helpful. As the push for ever
smaller circuit components continues, the ties between chemistry and electrical engineering
will grow tighter. From organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to single
molecule transistors, new developments will continue to move out of the chemistry
lab and into working devices at an impressive pace.
Some applications of chemistry in engineering are much less obvious. At 1483
feet, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings in the
world when they were completed in 1998. Steel was in short supply in Malaysia, so the
towers’ architects decided to build the structures out of something the country had an
abundance of and local engineers were familiar with: concrete. But the impressive
height of the towers required exceptionally strong concrete. The engineers eventually
settled on a material that has come to be known as high strength concrete, in which
chemical reactions between silica fume and portland cement produce a stronger material,
more resistant to compression. This example illustrates the relevance of chemistry
even to very traditional fi elds of engineering, and we will discuss some aspects of
the chemistry of concrete in Chapter 12.

Contents of ebooks Chemistry for Engineering Students

1 Introduction to Chemistry 1
1.1 INSIGHT INTO Aluminum 2
1.2 The Study of Chemistry
1.3 The Science of Chemistry: Observations and Models
1.4 Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry
1.5 Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
2 Atoms and Molecules 30
2.1 INSIGHT INTO Polymers 31
2.2 Atomic Structure and Mass
2.3 Ions
2.4 Compounds and Chemical Bonds
2.5 The Periodic Table
2.6 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
2.8 INSIGHT INTO Polyethylene
3 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 64
3.1 INSIGHT INTO Explosions 65
3.2 Chemical Formulas and Equations
3.3 Aqueous Solutions and Net Ionic Equations
3.4 Interpreting Equations and the Mole
Interpreting Chemical Equations
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
Determining Molar Mass
3.5 Calculations Using Moles and Molar Masses
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Molarity
Dilution
3.6 INSIGHT INTO Explosives and Green Chemistry

4 Stoichiometry

4.1 INSIGHT INTO Gasoline and Other Fuels 100
4.2 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry
4.3 Limiting Reactants 108
4.4 Theoretical and Percentage Yields 113
4.5 Solution Stoichiometry 114
4.6 INSIGHT INTO Alternative Fuels and Fuel
5.2 Pressure
5.3 History and Application of the Gas Law
5.4 Partial Pressure 136
5.5 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases
5.6 Kinetic–Molecular Theory and Ideal Versus Real
5.7 INSIGHT INTO Gas Sensors
6 The Periodic Table and Atomic
6.1 INSIGHT INTO Incandescent and Fluorescent
6.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
6.3 Atomic Spectra
6.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
6.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electron
6.6 The Periodic Table and Electron
6.7 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
6.8 INSIGHT INTO Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers
7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular
7.1 INSIGHT INTO Materials for Biomedical
Engineering
7.2 The Ionic Bond
7.3 The Covalent Bond
7.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
7.5 Keeping Track of Bonding: Lewis Structures
7.6 Orbital Overlap and Chemical Bonding
7.7 Hybrid Orbitals
7.8 Shapes of Molecules
7.9 INSIGHT INTO Molecular Scale Engineering for Students
Molecules and Materials
8.1 INSIGHT INTO Carbon
8.2 Condensed Phases—Solids
8.3 Bonding in Solids: Metals, Insulators,and Semiconductors
8.4 Intermolecular Forces
8.5 Condensed Phases—Liquids
8.6 Polymers
8.7 INSIGHT INTO The Invention of New Materials
9 Energy and Chemistry
9.1 INSIGHT INTO Energy Use and the World
9.2 Defining Energy
9.3 Energy Transformation and Conservation of Energy
9.4 Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
9.5 Enthalpy
9.6 Hess’s Law and Heats of Reaction
9.7 Energy and Stoichiometry
9.8 INSIGHT INTO Batteries
10 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.1 INSIGHT INTO Recycling of Plastics
10.2 Spontaneity
10.3 Entropy
10.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
10.8 INSIGHT INTO The Economics of Recycling
11. Chemical Kinetics 347
11.1 INSIGHT INTO Ozone Depletion
11.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
11.3 Rate Laws and the Concentration Dependence of Rates
11.4 Integrated Rate Laws
11.5 Temperature and Kinetics
11.6 Reaction Mechanisms 
11.7 Catalysis 
11.8 INSIGHT INTO Tropospheric Ozone
12 Chemical Equilibrium
12.3 Equilibrium Constants
12.4 Equilibrium Concentrations
12.5 LeChatelier’s Principle
12.6 Solubility Equilibria
12.7 Acids and Bases
12.8 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
12.9 INSIGHT INTO Borates and Boric Acid
13 Electrochemistry
13.1 INSIGHT INTO Corrosion
13.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Galvanic Cells
13.3 Cell Potentials
13.4 Cell Potentials and Equilibrium
13.6 Electrolysis
13.8 INSIGHT INTO Corrosion Prevention
14 Nuclear Chemistry
14.1 INSIGHT INTO Cosmic Rays and Carbon Dating
14.2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
14.3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
14.4 Nuclear Stability
14.5 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
14.6 Transmutation, Fission, and Fusion
14.7 The Interaction of Radiation and Matter
14.8 INSIGHT INTO Modern Medical Imaging Methods

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