Chemistry for Engineering Students
About chemistry for engineering students 2nd edition
As you begin this chemistry course, odds are that you may be wondering “Why do I
have to take chemistry anyway? I’ll never really need to know any of this to be an engineer.”So we’d like to begin by offering just a few examples of the many links between
our chosen fi eld of chemistry and the various branches of engineering. The most obvious
examples, of course, might come from chemical engineering. Many chemical
engineers are involved with the design or optimization of processes in the chemical
industry, so it is clear that they would be dealing with concepts from chemistry on a
daily basis. Similarly, civil or environmental engineers working on environmental protection
or remediation might spend a lot of time thinking about chemical reactions
taking place in the water supply or the air. But what about other engineering fi elds?
Much of modern electrical engineering relies on solid-state devices whose properties
can be tailored by carefully controlling their chemical compositions. And although
most electrical engineers do not regularly make their own chips, an understanding of
how those chips operate on an atomic scale is certainly helpful. As the push for ever
smaller circuit components continues, the ties between chemistry and electrical engineering
will grow tighter. From organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to single
molecule transistors, new developments will continue to move out of the chemistry
lab and into working devices at an impressive pace.
Some applications of chemistry in engineering are much less obvious. At 1483
feet, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, were the tallest buildings in the
world when they were completed in 1998. Steel was in short supply in Malaysia, so the
towers’ architects decided to build the structures out of something the country had an
abundance of and local engineers were familiar with: concrete. But the impressive
height of the towers required exceptionally strong concrete. The engineers eventually
settled on a material that has come to be known as high strength concrete, in which
chemical reactions between silica fume and portland cement produce a stronger material,
more resistant to compression. This example illustrates the relevance of chemistry
even to very traditional fi elds of engineering, and we will discuss some aspects of
the chemistry of concrete in Chapter 12.
Contents of ebooks Chemistry for Engineering Students
1 Introduction to Chemistry 11.1 INSIGHT INTO Aluminum 2
1.2 The Study of Chemistry
1.3 The Science of Chemistry: Observations and Models
1.4 Numbers and Measurements in Chemistry
1.5 Problem Solving in Chemistry and Engineering
2 Atoms and Molecules 30
2.1 INSIGHT INTO Polymers 31
2.2 Atomic Structure and Mass
2.3 Ions
2.4 Compounds and Chemical Bonds
2.5 The Periodic Table
2.6 Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
2.8 INSIGHT INTO Polyethylene
3 Molecules, Moles, and Chemical Equations 64
3.1 INSIGHT INTO Explosions 65
3.2 Chemical Formulas and Equations
3.3 Aqueous Solutions and Net Ionic Equations
3.4 Interpreting Equations and the Mole
Interpreting Chemical Equations
Avogadro’s Number and the Mole
Determining Molar Mass
3.5 Calculations Using Moles and Molar Masses
Elemental Analysis: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Molarity
Dilution
3.6 INSIGHT INTO Explosives and Green Chemistry
4 Stoichiometry
4.1 INSIGHT INTO Gasoline and Other Fuels 1004.2 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry
4.3 Limiting Reactants 108
4.4 Theoretical and Percentage Yields 113
4.5 Solution Stoichiometry 114
4.6 INSIGHT INTO Alternative Fuels and Fuel
5.2 Pressure
5.3 History and Application of the Gas Law
5.4 Partial Pressure 136
5.5 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases
5.6 Kinetic–Molecular Theory and Ideal Versus Real
5.7 INSIGHT INTO Gas Sensors
6 The Periodic Table and Atomic
6.1 INSIGHT INTO Incandescent and Fluorescent
6.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
6.3 Atomic Spectra
6.4 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
6.5 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electron
6.6 The Periodic Table and Electron
6.7 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
6.8 INSIGHT INTO Modern Light Sources: LEDs and Lasers
7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular
7.1 INSIGHT INTO Materials for Biomedical
Engineering
7.2 The Ionic Bond
7.3 The Covalent Bond
7.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
7.5 Keeping Track of Bonding: Lewis Structures
7.6 Orbital Overlap and Chemical Bonding
7.7 Hybrid Orbitals
7.8 Shapes of Molecules
7.9 INSIGHT INTO Molecular Scale Engineering for Students
Molecules and Materials
8.1 INSIGHT INTO Carbon
8.2 Condensed Phases—Solids
8.3 Bonding in Solids: Metals, Insulators,and Semiconductors
8.4 Intermolecular Forces
8.5 Condensed Phases—Liquids
8.6 Polymers
8.7 INSIGHT INTO The Invention of New Materials
9 Energy and Chemistry
9.1 INSIGHT INTO Energy Use and the World
9.2 Defining Energy
9.3 Energy Transformation and Conservation of Energy
9.4 Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
9.5 Enthalpy
9.6 Hess’s Law and Heats of Reaction
9.7 Energy and Stoichiometry
9.8 INSIGHT INTO Batteries
10 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.1 INSIGHT INTO Recycling of Plastics
10.2 Spontaneity
10.3 Entropy
10.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.7 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
10.8 INSIGHT INTO The Economics of Recycling
11. Chemical Kinetics 347
11.1 INSIGHT INTO Ozone Depletion
11.2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
11.3 Rate Laws and the Concentration Dependence of Rates
11.4 Integrated Rate Laws
11.5 Temperature and Kinetics
11.6 Reaction Mechanisms
11.7 Catalysis
11.8 INSIGHT INTO Tropospheric Ozone
12 Chemical Equilibrium
12.3 Equilibrium Constants
12.4 Equilibrium Concentrations
12.5 LeChatelier’s Principle
12.6 Solubility Equilibria
12.7 Acids and Bases
12.8 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium
12.9 INSIGHT INTO Borates and Boric Acid
13 Electrochemistry
13.1 INSIGHT INTO Corrosion
13.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Galvanic Cells
13.3 Cell Potentials
13.4 Cell Potentials and Equilibrium
13.6 Electrolysis
13.8 INSIGHT INTO Corrosion Prevention
14 Nuclear Chemistry
14.1 INSIGHT INTO Cosmic Rays and Carbon Dating
14.2 Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
14.3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
14.4 Nuclear Stability
14.5 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
14.6 Transmutation, Fission, and Fusion
14.7 The Interaction of Radiation and Matter
14.8 INSIGHT INTO Modern Medical Imaging Methods
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