Introduction to nanoscience S.M. Lindsay

Chemistry and creativity: Introduction to nanoscience

1.Introduction

This ebook talk about Materials Chemistry addresses inorganic, organic, and nanobased materials.,,issues of Nanoscience,Schrödinger’s cat,Quantum mechanics,The periodic table of the elements,chemical bonds,Organic chemistry.......

 About author:S.M. LINDSAY

Arizona State University

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2.Contents

1 What is Nanoscience? 1

1.1 About size scales 1
1.2 History 2
1.3 Feynman scorecard 3
1.4 Schrödinger’s cat—quantum mechanics in small
systems 8
1.5 Fluctuations and “Darwinian Nanoscience” 9
1.6 Overview of quantum effects and fluctuations in
nanostructures 11
1.7 What to expect in the rest of this book 12
1.8 Bibliography 13
1.9 Exercises 13
References 14

Part I: The Basics

2 Quantum mechanics 19

2.1 Why physics is different for small systems—the story of the
Hitachi experiment 20
2.2 The uncertainty principle 25
2.3 The Hitachi microscope as a quantum system 26
2.4 Probability amplitudes and the rules of quantum
mechanics 27
2.5 A word about “composite” particles 30
2.6 Wavefunctions 31
2.7 Dirac notation 32
2.8 Many particle wavefunctions and identical
particles 33
2.9 The Pauli exclusion principle 35
2.10 The Schrödinger equation: a tool for calculating probability
amplitudes 36
2.11 Problems involving more than one electron 38
2.12 Solution of the one-electron time-independent Schrödinger
equation for a constant potential 40
2.13 Electron tunneling through a potential barrier 41
2.14 The Hitachi experiment with wavefunctions 42
2.15 Some important results obtained with simple 1-D
models 43
2.16 The hydrogen atom 51
2.17 Multielectron atoms 57
2.18 The periodic table of the elements 59
2.19 Approximate methods for solving the Schrödinger
equation 61
2.20 Chemical bonds 64
2.21 Eigenstates for interacting systems and
quasiparticles 68
2.22 Getting away from wavefunctions: density functional
theory 69
2.23 Bibliography 72
2.24 Exercises 72
References 74

3 Statistical mechanics and chemical kinetics 76

3.1 Macroscopic description of systems of many
particles 77
3.2 How systems get from here to there: entropy and
kinetics 79
3.3 The classical probability distribution for noninteracting
particles 82
3.4 Entropy and the Boltzmann distribution 84
3.5 An example of the Boltzmann distribution:
ions in a solution near an electrode 86
3.6 The equipartition theorem 88
3.7 The partition function 89
3.8 The partition function for an ideal gas 91
3.9 Free energy, pressure, and entropy of an ideal gas from the
partition function 93
3.10 Quantum gasses 96
3.11 Fluctuations 100
3.12 Brownian motion 102
3.13 Diffusion 105
3.14 Einstein–Smoluchowski relation 107
3.15 Fluctuations, chemical reactions, and the transition
state 108
3.16 The Kramers theory of reaction rates 109
3.17 Chemical kinetics 111
3.18 Acid–base reactions as an example of chemical
equilibrium 114
3.19 The Michaelis–Menten relation and on-off rates in
nano–bio interactions 117
3.20 Rate equations in small systems 120
3.21 Nanothermodynamics 120
3.22 Modeling nanosystems explicitly: molecular
dynamics 121
3.23 Systems far from equilibrium: Jarzynski’s equality 124
3.24 Fluctuations and quantum mechanics 125
3.25 Bibliography 128
3.26 Exercises 128
References 131

Part II: Tools

4 Microscopy and manipulation tools 135

4.1 The scanning tunneling microscope 135
4.2 The atomic force microscope 144
4.3 Electron microscopy 158
4.4 Nano-measurement techniques based on
fluorescence 163
4.5 Tweezers for grabbing molecules 168
4.6 Chemical kinetics and single molecule
experiments 172
4.7 Bibliography 173
4.8 Exercises 173
References 175

5 Making nanostructures: top down 178

5.1 Overview of nanofabrication: top down 178
5.2 Photolithography 179
5.3 Electron beam lithography 183
5.4 Micromechanical structures 185
5.5 Thin film technologies 187
5.6 Molecular beam epitaxy 190
5.7 Self-assembled masks 191
5.8 Focused ion beam milling 193
5.9 Stamp technology 195
5.10 Nanoscale junctions 197
5.11 Bibliography 197
5.12 Exercises 198
References 199

6 Making nanostructures: bottom up 201

6.1 Common aspects of all bottom-up assembly
methods 201
6.2 Organic synthesis 202
6.3 Weak interactions between molecules 210
6.4 Vesicles and micelles 214
6.5 Thermodynamic aspects of self-assembling
nanostructures 216
6.6 A self-assembled nanochemistry machine—the
mitochondrion 219
6.7 Self-assembled molecular monolayers 220
6.8 Kinetic control of growth: nanowires and
quantum dots 222
6.9 DNA nanotechnology 223
6.10 Bibliography 229
6.11 Exercises 229
References 230

Part III: Applications

7 Electrons in nanostructures 235

7.1 The vast variation in the electronic properties of
materials 235
7.2 Electrons in nanostructures and quantum effects 236
7.3 Fermi liquids and the free electron model 237
7.4 Transport in free electron metals 240
7.5 Electrons in crystalline solids: Bloch’s theorem 240
7.6 Electrons in crystalline solids: band structure 242
7.7 Electrons in 3D—why copper conducts; Fermi surfaces
and Brillouin zones 245
7.8 Electrons passing through tiny structures: the Landauer
resistance 246
7.9 Charging nanostructures: the Coulomb blockade 250
7.10 The single electron transistor 252
7.11 Resonant tunneling 254
7.12 Coulomb blockade or resonant tunneling? 256
7.13 Electron localization and system size 257
7.14 Bibliography 259
7.15 Exercises 259
References 260

8 Molecular electronics 262

8.1 Why molecular electronics? 263
8.2 Lewis structures as a simple guide to chemical
bonding 264
8.3 The variational approach to calculating molecular
orbitals 268
8.4 The hydrogen molecular ion revisited 270
8.5 Hybridization of atomic orbitals 275
8.6 Making diatomic molecules from atoms with both s- and
p-states 276
8.7 Molecular levels in organic compounds: the Hückel
model 279
8.8 Delocalization energy 280
8.9 Quantifying donor and acceptor properties with
electrochemistry 284
8.10 Electron transfer between molecules—the Marcus
theory 292
8.11 Charge transport in weakly interacting molecular
solids—hopping conductance 298
8.12 Concentration gradients drive current in molecular
solids 299
8.13 Dimensionality, 1-D conductors, and conducting
polymers 300
8.14 Single molecule electronics 302
8.15 Wiring a molecule: single molecule measurements 303
8.16 The transition from tunneling to hopping conductance in
single molecules 307
8.17 Gating molecular conductance 309
8.18 Where is molecular electronics going? 312
8.19 Bibliography 313
8.20 Exercises 313
References 315

9 Nanostructured materials 318

9.1 What is gained by nanostructuring materials? 318
9.2 Nanostructures for electronics 319
9.3 Zero-dimensional electronic structures:
quantum dots 322
9.4 Nanowires 323
9.5 2-D nanoelectronics: superlattices and
heterostructures 326
9.6 Photonic applications of nanoparticles 329
9.7 2-D photonics for lasers 331
9.8 3-D photonic bandgap materials 333
9.9 Physics of magnetic materials 335
9.10 Superparamagnetic nanoparticles 337
9.11 A 2-D nanomagnetic device: giant
magnetoresistance 338
9.12 Nanostructured thermal devices 340
9.13 Nanofluidic devices 341
9.14 Nanofluidic channels and pores for molecular
separations 342
9.15 Enhanced fluid transport in nanotubes 343
9.16 Superhydrophobic nanostructured surfaces 345
9.17 Biomimetic materials 346
9.18 Bibliography 348
9.19 Exercises 348
References 350

10 Nanobiology 353

10.1 Natural selection as the driving force for biology 353
10.2 Introduction to molecular biology 354
10.3 Some mechanical properties of proteins 360
10.4 What enzymes do 361
10.5 Gatekeepers—voltage-gated channels 363
10.6 Powering bio-nanomachines: where biological energy
comes from 364
10.7 Adenosine triphosphate—the gasoline of biology 365
10.8 The thermal ratchet mechanism 366
10.9 Types of molecular motor 367
10.10 The central role of fluctuations in biology 372
10.11 Do nanoscale fluctuations play a role in the evolution
of the mind? 377
10.12 Bibliography 378
10.13 Exercises 378
References 379
A Units, conversion factors, physical quantities,
and useful math 381
A.1 Length 381
A.2 Mass and force 381
A.3 Time 381
A.4 Pressure 381
A.5 Energy and temperature 381
A.6 Electromagnetism 382
A.7 Constants 382
A.8 Some useful material properties 382
A.9 Some useful math 382
B There’s plenty of room at the bottom 384
C Schrödinger equation for the hydrogen atom 396
C.1 Angular momentum operators 396
C.2 Angular momentum eigenfunctions 397
C.3 Solution of the Schrödinger equation in a central
potential 398
D The damped harmonic oscillator 400
E Free energies and choice of ensemble 405
E.1 Different free energies for different problems 405
E.2 Different statistical ensembles for different
problems 407
F Probabilities and the definition of entropy 408
G The Gibbs distribution 409
H Quantum partition function for a single particle 411
I Partition function for N particles in an ideal gas 413
J Atomic units 414
K Hückel theory for benzene 415
L A glossary for nanobiology 417
M Solutions and hints for the problems 424
Index 447

Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Chemistry and creativity: Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Metal nanoparticles are certain to be the building blocks of the next generation of

electronic, optoelectronic and chemical sensing devices. The physical limits imposed

by top-down methods such as photo- and electron- beam lithography dictate

that the synthesis and assembly of functional nanoscale materials will become

the province of chemists. In the current literature, there are three emerging

themes in nanoparticle research: synthesis and assembly of metal particles of

well-defined size and geometry,  structural and surface chemistry effects on

single electron charging, and  size, shape, and surface chemistry effects on particle

optical properties.

            Over the last decade there has been increased interest in “nanochemistry.” A variety

of supermolecular ensembles , multifunctional supermolecules , carbon

nanotubes , and metal and semiconductor nanoparticles have been synthesized

and proposed as potential building blocks of optical and electronic devices

. This has arisen for a variety of reasons, not the least of which is technological

advance, and the promise of control over material and device structure at length

scales far below conventional lithographic patterning technology

Author:

Daniel L. Feldheim

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina

Colby A. Foss, Jr.

Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

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 Content
1.Overview 1
Daniel L. Feldheim, and Colby A. Foss, Jr.

2.Transition-Metal Nanoclusters: Solution-Phase Synthesis, 17

Then Characterization and Mechanism of Formation, of
Polyoxoanion- and Tetrabutylammonium-Stabilized Nanoclusters
Richard G. Finke

3.Magic Numbers in Clusters: Nucleation and Growth Sequences

Bonding, Principles, and Packing Patterns
Boon K. Teo and Hong Zhang

4.Modeling Metal Nanoparticle Optical Properties

K. Lance Kelly, Traci R. Jensen, Anne A. Lazarides, and George C.
Schatz

5.Electrochemical Template Synthesis of Nanoscopic Metal Particles

Colby A. Foss, Jr.

6.Nonlinear Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles

Robert C. Johnson and Joseph T. Hupp

7.Electrochemical Synthesis and Optical Properties of Gold Nanorods 163

Chao-Wen Shih, Wei-Cheng Lai, Chuin-Chieh Hwang,
Ser-Sing Chang, and C. R. Chris Wang

8.Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing with Colloidal

Au Amplification
Michael J. Natan and L. Andrew Lyon

9.Self-Assemblies of Nanocrystals: Fabrication and Collective

Properties
Marie-Paule Pileni

10.Electrodeposition of Metal Nanoparticles on Graphite and Silicon 237

Sasha Gorer, Hongtao Liu, Rebecca M. Stiger, Michael P. Zach,
James V. Zoval, and Reginald M. Penner

11.Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Dendrimer-Encapsulated Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles
Richard M. Crooks, Victor Chechik, Buford I. Lemon III, Li Sun,
Lee K. Yeung, and Mingqi Zhao

12.The Electrochemistry of Monolayer Protected Au Clusters

David E. Cliffel, Jocelyn F. Hicks, Allen C. Templeton, and
Royce W. Murray

13.Nanoparticle Electronic Devices: Challenges and Opportunities

Wyatt McConnell, Louis C. Brousseau III, A. Blaine House,
Lisa B. Lowe, Robert C. Tenent, and Daniel L. Feldheim

Updating

Organic synthesis workbook I,II,III

Free chemistry book: Organic synthesis wordbook 1,2,3

1.Oranic synthesis workbook I:

The Organic Synthesis Workbook promises to be to the current generation of graduate students, and even "students-for-life", what Ireland's and Alonso's books were to those of us who were graduate students in the 80's Alsono: The Art of Problem Solving in Organic Chemistry, Ireland: Organic Synthesis.

We hope you'lI find working with this problem book to be an enjoyable

experience!

A wonderful tradition in the research group of Prof. L. F. Tietze

at the University of Gbttingen is a seminar entitled Problems. This

seminar provides the opportunity in a relaxed, conversational setting

for participants to rack their brains over natural-product syntheses

presented to them in tantalizingly fragmentary formo No holds

are barred when it comes to questions that rnight be raised!

Insofar as possible we have attempted to recreate that same atmosphere

in our exercise book.

The book is directed toward advanced students of organic chemistry

- graduate and undergraduate - who have a special interest in synthesis.

The subject matter is distributed over 16 mutually independent

chapters in such a way as to encourage individual study, but the solitary

reader is never left entirely at the mercy of his or her own ingenuity

as far as solving the problems is concemed.

Each chapter begins with a brief Introduction, which serves

mainly to acquaint the reader with the nature and origin of the current

target molecule. This is followed by a double-page spread, the

Overview, which outlines the various challenges posed in that particular

chapter, setting them within the context of an overall reaction

scheme. Already at this point the interested reader can begin

dealing with a fresh set of puzzles drawn from an imaginative and

timely total synthesis of a complex organic molecule.

Every Overview is followed by a detailed section entitled Synthesis,

where each individual problem is examined, beginning with its

restatement in the form of the appropriate chemical equation set

against a gray background for emphasis. Each problem is characterized

by an interesting gap that must be bridged: a rnissing starting

material, product, or set of essential reagents. If reagents and reaction

conditions are to be elucidated, the corresponding equation arrow

will lack the customary explanatory labe!' Sometimes several

steps are grouped together as one problem, in which case a clear indication

is provided of the number of operations required.

Author: 

P. Menningen, T. Nobel, H. Schirock, C. Wulff
1. A. Gewert, 1. Gorlitzer, S. Gotze, 1. Looft

Foreword by Erick M. Carreira

Contents

Chapter 1: Veticadinol (Tietze 1988) 

Chapter 2: (±)-Mamanuthaquinone (Danishefsky 1994)

Chapter 3: (-)-Swainsonine (Pearson 1996)

Chapter 4: (-)-L19(12)-Capnellene (Shibasaki 1996) 

Chapter 5: (-)-Epothilone A (Shinzer 1997) 

Chapter 6: Erythronolid A (Hoffmann 1993) 77

Chapter 7: Tautomycin (Armstrong 1996) 

Chapter 8: (-)-a-Thujone (Oppolzer 1997)

Chapter 9: (+)-Camptothecin (Ciufolini 1996) 

Chapter 10: (-)-Cephalotaxin (Mori 1995)

Chapter 11: (+)-Streptazolin (Kibayashi 1996) 

Chapter 12: Amyrin (Corey 1993)

Chapter 13: (+)-Asirnicin (Hoye 1995)

Chapter 14: (Z)-Dactomelyn (Lee 1995) 

Chapter 15: Maehr's Roflamycoin (Rychnovsky 1994)

Chapter 16: Fluvirucin-B1-Aglycone (Hoveyda 1995) 

2.Oranic synthesis workbook II:

Organic chemistry is easy to teach but difficult to learn. Students often complain that they

understand the lectures or the book but 'can't do the exam questions'. This is largely because of

the unique nature of the subject - at once more unified than any other branch of chemistry (or of

science?) and more diverse in its applications. Research workers similarly often feel they

understand the basic principies of the subject but fail to find a solution to a problem even though

they understand their molecules very well. All organic chemists need to match intellectuallearning

with the skill to deal with the difficulty of the moment.

The answer to these dilemmas is problem solving. Or more exactly solving invented

problems on paper at the same time as mastering the intellectual understanding. Now a new

difficulty arises. Where is one to find a carefully graded set of problems arranged around a

comprehensible framework that gives significance to the answers by showing that solving these

problems is practical and useful? It is not easy to compile such a set of problems. 1 know, as 1

wrote both the problems in our recent textbook and the solutions manual.

Organic Synthesis Workbook II will be the answer to many young organic chemists'

prayers. It is a set of problems of extraordinary diversity set within the framework of large

syntheses. This gives the young authors (all members of Professor Lutz Tietze's research group at

Gottingen) the freedom to reveal details or to conceal them. The reader might be asked simply to

furnish a reagent for a given step, or more challenging questions like explaining a mechanism or a

stereoselectivity. Even prediction appears as sorne of the intermediates in the big syntheses are

blank spaces to be filled in. The layout is intriguing - one wants to read on, as in the best novels,

first to find out what happens and then to find out how it was done. Needless to say, just turn the

page and the answers appear. And just because you couldn't do that problem, you're not

handicapped when it comes to the next.

You should not suppose that this book is simply about organic synthesis. It has a lot to

offer to the general student of organic chemistry at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level.

The problems vary in difficulty but there is something to suit us all. The rewards of tackling the

problems seriously will be great. 1 am very enthusiastic about this book and 1 know a lot of readers

will share my enthusiasm.

We have not changed the proved original concept, and therefore we hope that those who already
know Organic Synthesis Workbook will feel at home.
This book contains 16 independent chapters, based on publications of well known scientists.
Each chapter is divided into five parts. First, the Introduction will give you a brief view of the
target molecule and its background. The Overview shows the complete synthetic problem on two
pages. In the Synthesis section the reaction sequence is divided ¡nto individual Problems.
Afterwards Hints are given to assist you in solving the problem. Each further hint will reveal more
and more of the solution; therefore it might be useful to cover the remaining page with a piece of
paper. The Solution will show if your answer is correct. In the Discussion section the problem is
explained in detail. However this book cannot serve as a substitute for an organic textbook. After
the last problem, the Conclusion briefly comments on the synthesis, highlighting the key steps.
The original references can be found in the Literature section for further reading.

Author:

Gewert, J.A./Gorlitzer, J./
Gotze, S./Looft, J./Menningen, P./
Nobel, T./Schirok, H./Wulff, C.
Organic Synthesis Workbook
2000. ISBN 3-527-30187-9

Constable, E.C

Metals and Ligand Reactivity

An Introduction to the Organic Chemistry of Metal Complexes
1996.308 pp. ISBN 3-527-29278-0

Ansari, F. L./Qureshi, R./Qureshi, M.L.
Electrocyclic Reactions
From Fundamentals to Research
1998.288 pp. ISBN 3-527-29755-3

Lehn, J.-M.
Supramolecular ChemistryConcepts and Perspectives
1995. 2881JJp. ISBN 3-527-29311-6

Waldmann, H./Mulzer, J. (eds.)
Organic Synthesis Highlights 111
1998. ISBN 3-527-29500-3

Nicolaou, K.C/Sorensen, E.J.
Classics in Total Synthesis1996. ISBN 3-527-29231-4

Hopf, H.

Classics in Hydrocarbon Chemistry

Syntheses, Concepts, Perspectives

2000. ISBN 3-527-29606-9

Lindhorst, T.K.

Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry

and Biochemistry

2000. ISBN 3-527-29543-7

https://www.facebook.com/Chemistry.and.pharmacy

3.Oranic synthesis workbook III:

Organic synthesis is at the heart of chemistry. Although today interdisciplinary areas between
chemistry and biology or between chemistry and material sciences are ofien believed to provide
the main driving forces for the advancement of chemistry, I am convinced that the development
of efficient and environmentally benign synthetic methods is still one of the most important goals
of current chemical research. Significantly, a majority of all chemists doing research in industry
or academia are faced in their daily lives with demands for the efficient synthesis of new
molecules. It is thus important to attract the interest of talented students for this area and to
provide high quality education. From the beginning, the Organic Synthesis Workbook has been
devoted to a significant extent to the training and education of students and younger researchers
in this direction. The main concept is to present challenging synthetic problems to the reader,
which are selected from state-of-the-art syntheses of natural products. The present 3rd volume
successfully follows this track.
The new Organic Synthesis Workbook - similar to its predecessors - has been carefully devised
and realized by a group of creative young students from the Institute of Organic and Biomolecular
Chemistry ofthe Georg-August-University ofGottingen, Germany.1t covers 14 wellselected
synthetic problems including modern catalytic coupling reactions and metathesis
chemistry, together with recent developments in stereoselective carbon-carbon and carbonoxygen
bond formation. More specifically, each problem is introduced to the reader in a general
marmer. Afier this introduction the key chemistry of the respective synthesis is explained. Then,
the various synthetic problems are presented in a clear and understandable manner. The major
difference to classical teaching books is the active interaction ofthe reader with the content.
One could ask, is the concept ofthis book still timely? In my opinion, definitely yes! Obviously,
information pours out from all kinds of scientific journals, PowerPoint presentations, and
especially the internet. However, to acquire long-Iasting knowledge of organic synthesis, and to
transfer this knowledge, it is essential not only to consume facts and data but to apply it to real
synthetic problems. Thus, in addition to students for Masters and PhD degrees, everyone
interested in synthetic chemistry is encouraged to train actively with books such as this.
Finally, 1 wish to congratulate the authors for their excellent achievement. It remains for me to
hope that readers will enjoy working with this volume and discover aspects that will stimulate
their own future research

Introduction to Coordination Chemistry

Introduction to Coordination Chemistry -Chemistry Book free

Content

1 The Central Atom
1.1 Key Concepts in Coordination Chemistry
1.2 A Who’s Who of Metal Ions
1.2.1 Commoners and ‘Uncommoners

1.2.2 Redefining Commoners
1.3 Metals in Molecules
1.3.1 Metals in the Natural World
1.3.2 Metals in Contrived Environments
1.3.3 Natural or Made-to-Measure Complexes
1.4 The Road Ahead
2 Ligands

2.1 Membership: Being a Ligand

2.1.1 What Makes a Ligand?
2.1.2 Making Attachments – Coordination
2.1.3 Putting the Bite on Metals – Chelation
2.1.4 Do I Look Big on That? – Chelate Ring Size
2.1.5 Different Tribes – Donor Group Variation
2.1.6 Ligands with More Bite – Denticity
2.2 Monodentate Ligands – The Simple Type
2.2.1 Basic Binders
2.2.2 Amines Ain’t Ammines – Ligand Families
2.2.3 Meeting More Metals – Bridging Ligands
2.3 Greed is Good – Polydentate Ligands
2.3.1 The Simple Chelate
2.3.2 More Teeth, Stronger Bite – Polydentates
2.3.3 Many-Armed Monsters – Introducing Ligand Shape
2.4 Polynucleating Species – Molecular Bigamists
2.4.1 When One is Not Enough
2.4.2 Vive la Difference – Mixed-metal Complexation
2.4.3 Supersized – Binding to Macromolecules
2.5 A Separate Race – Organometallic Species
3 Complexes
3.1 The Central Metal Ion
3.2 Metal–Ligand Marriage
3.2.1 The Coordinate Bond
3.2.2 The Foundation of Coordination Chemistry
3.2.3 Complex Shape – Not Just Any Which Way
3.3 Holding On – The Nature of Bonding in Metal Complexes
3.3.1 An Ionic Bonding Model – Introducing Crystal Field Theory
3.3.2 A Covalent Bonding Model – Embracing Molecular Orbital Theory
3.3.3 Ligand Field Theory – Making Compromises
3.3.4 Bonding Models Extended
3.4 Coupling – Polymetallic Complexes
3.5 Making Choices
3.5.1 Selectivity – Of all the Molecules in all the World, Why This One?
3.5.2 Preferences – Do You Like What I Like?
3.5.3 Complex Lifetimes – Together, Forever?
3.6 Complexation Consequences
4 Shape
4.1 Getting in Shape
4.2 Forms of Complex Life – Coordination Number and Shape
4.2.1 One Coordination (ML)
4.2.2 Two Coordination (ML2)
4.2.3 Three Coordination (ML3)
4.2.4 Four Coordination (ML4)
4.2.5 Five Coordination (ML5)
4.2.6 Six Coordination (ML6)
4.2.7 Higher Coordination Numbers (ML7 to ML9)
4.3 Influencing Shape
4.3.1 Metallic Genetics – Metal Ion Influences
4.3.2 Moulding a Relationship – Ligand Influences
4.3.3 Chameleon Complexes
4.4 Isomerism – Real 3D Effects
4.4.1 Introducing Stereoisomers
4.4.2 Constitutional (Structural) Isomerism
4.4.3 Stereoisomerism: in Place – Positional Isomers; in Space – Optical Isomers
4.4.4 What’s Best? – Isomer Preferences
4.5 Sophisticated Shapes
4.5.1 Compounds of Polydentate Ligands
4.5.2 Encapsulation Compounds
4.5.3 Host–Guest Molecular Assemblies
4.6 Defining Shape
5 Stability
5.1 The Makings of a Stable Relationship
5.1.1 Bedded Down – Thermodynamic Stability
5.1.2 Factors Influencing Stability of Metal Complexes
5.1.3 Overall Stability Constants
5.1.4 Undergoing Change – Kinetic Stability
5.2 Complexation – Will It Last?
5.2.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability
5.2.2 Kinetic Rate Constants
5.2.3 Lability and Inertness in Octahedral Complexes
5.3 Reactions

5.3.1 A New Partner – Substitution
5.3.2 A New Body – Stereochemical Change
5.3.3 A New Face – Oxidation–Reduction
5.3.4 A New Suit – Ligand-centred Reactions
6 Synthesis
7 Properties
8 A Complex Life
9 Complexes and Commerce
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