Text Analytical Chemistry 2.0
An Electronic Textbook for Introductory Courses in Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry 2.0 by David Harvey
Chemistry is the study of matter, including its composition and structure, its physical
properties, and its reactivity. There are many ways to study chemistry, but, we traditionally divide
it into five fields: organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and
analytical chemistry. Although this division is historical and, perhaps, arbitrary—as witnessed
by current interest in interdisciplinary areas such as bioanalytical chemistry and organometallic
chemistry—these five fields remain the simplest division spanning the discipline of chemistry.
Training in each of these fields provides a unique perspective to the study of chemistry.
Undergraduate chemistry courses and textbooks are more than a collection of facts; they are a
kind of apprenticeship. In keeping with this spirit, this chapter introduces the field of analytical
chemistry and highlights the unique perspectives that analytical chemists bring to the study of
chemistry
Analytical Chemistry 2.0 is a freely available eText that is a revision of the textbook Modern Analytical Chemistry, originally published by McGraw-Hill in 1999. http://www.freebookcentre.netContent
10 chapter
Chapter Overview
1A What is Analytical Chemistry?
1B The Analytical Perspective
1C Common Analytical Problems
1D Key Terms
1E Chapter Summary
1F Problems
1G Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
2A Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
2B Concentration
2C Stoichiometric Calculations
2D Basic Equipment
2E Preparing Solutions
2F Spreadsheets and Computational Software
2G The Laboratory Notebook
2H Key Terms
2I Chapter Summary
2J Problems
2K Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
3A Analysis, Determination, and Measurement
3B Techniques, Methods, Procedures, and Protocols
3C Classifying Analytical Techniques
3D Selecting an Analytical Method
3E Developing the Procedure
3F Protocols
3G The Importance of Analytical Methodology
3H Key Terms
3I Chapter Summary
3J Problems
3K Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
4A Characterizing Measurements and Results
4B Characterizing Experimental Errors
4C Propagation of Uncertainty
4D The Distribution of Measurements and Results
4E Statistical Analysis of Data
4F Statistical Methods for Normal Distributions
4G Detection Limits
4H Using Excel and R to Analyze Data
4I Key Terms
4J Chapter Summary
4K Problems
4L Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
5A Analytical Standards
5B Calibrating the Signal (Stotal)
5C Determining the Sensitivity (kA)
5D Linear Regression and Calibration Curves
5E Compensating for the Reagent Blank (Sreag)
5F Using Excel and R for a Regression Analysis
5G Key Terms
5H Chapter Summary
5I Problems
5J Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
6A Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria
6B Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry
6C Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
6D Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions
6E Le Châtelier’s Principle
6F Ladder Diagrams
6G Solving Equilibrium Problems
6H Buffer Solutions
6I Activity Effects
6J Using Excel and R to Solve Equilibrium Problems
6K Three Final Thoughts About Equilibrium Chemistry
6L Key Terms
6M Chapter Summary
6N Problems
6O Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
7A The Importance of Sampling
7B Designing a Sampling Plan
7C Implementing the Sampling Plan
7D Separating The Analyte From Interferents
7E General Theory of Separation Efficiency
7F Classifying Separation Techniques
7G Liquid–Liquid Extractions
7H Separation Versus Preconcentration
7I Key Terms
7J Chapter Summary
7K Problems
7L Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
8A Overview of Gravimetric Methods
8B Precipitation Gravimetry
8C Volatilization Gravimetry
8D Particulate Gravimetry
8E Key Terms
8F Chapter Summary
8G Problems
8H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 9A Overview of Titrimetry
Section 9B Acid–Base Titrations
Section 9C Complexation Titrations
Section 9D Redox Titrations
Section 9E Precipitation Titrations
Section 9F Key Terms
Section 9G Chapter Summary
Section 9H Problems
Section 9I Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 10A Overview of Spectroscopy
Section 10B Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
Section 10C UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy
Section 10D Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Section 10E Emission Spectroscopy
Section 10F Photoluminescent Spectroscopy
6A Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria
6B Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry
6C Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
6D Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions
6E Le Châtelier’s Principle
6F Ladder Diagrams
6G Solving Equilibrium Problems
6H Buffer Solutions
6I Activity Effects
6J Using Excel and R to Solve Equilibrium Problems
6K Three Final Thoughts About Equilibrium Chemistry
6L Key Terms
6M Chapter Summary
6N Problems
6O Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
7A The Importance of Sampling
7B Designing a Sampling Plan
7C Implementing the Sampling Plan
7D Separating The Analyte From Interferents
7E General Theory of Separation Efficiency
7F Classifying Separation Techniques
7G Liquid–Liquid Extractions
7H Separation Versus Preconcentration
7I Key Terms
7J Chapter Summary
7K Problems
7L Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
8A Overview of Gravimetric Methods
8B Precipitation Gravimetry
8C Volatilization Gravimetry
8D Particulate Gravimetry
8E Key Terms
8F Chapter Summary
8G Problems
8H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 9A Overview of Titrimetry
Section 9B Acid–Base Titrations
Section 9C Complexation Titrations
Section 9D Redox Titrations
Section 9E Precipitation Titrations
Section 9F Key Terms
Section 9G Chapter Summary
Section 9H Problems
Section 9I Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 10A Overview of Spectroscopy
Section 10B Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
Section 10C UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy
Section 10D Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Section 10E Emission Spectroscopy
Section 10F Photoluminescent Spectroscopy
Section 10G Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Section 10H Spectroscopy Based on Scattering
Section 10I Key Terms
Section 10J Chapter Summary
Section 10K Problems
Section 10L Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 11A Overview of Electrochemistry
Section 11B Potentiometric Methods
Section 11C Coulometric Methods
Section 11D Voltammetric and Amperometric Methods
Section 11E Key Terms
Section 11F Chapter Summary
Section 11G Problems
Section 11H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 12A Overview of Analytical Separations
Section 12B General Theory of Column Chromatography
Section 12C Optimizing Chromatographic Separations
Section 12D Gas Chromatography
Section 12E High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Section 12F Other Chromatographic Techniques
Section 12G Electrophoresis
Section 12H Key Terms
Section12I Chapter Summary
Section 12J Problems
Section 12K Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 13A Kinetic Techniques versus Equilibrium Techniques
Section 13B Chemical Kinetics
Section 13C Radiochemistry
Section 13D Flow Injection Analysis
Section 13E Key Terms
Section 13F Chapter Summary
Section 13G Problems
Section 13H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 14A Optimizing the Experimental Procedure
Section 14B Verifying the Method
Section 14C Validating the Method as a Standard Method
Section 14D Using Excel and R for an Analysis of Variance
Section 14E Key Terms
Section 14F Summary
Section 14G Problems
Section 14H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 15A The Analytical Perspective—Revisited
Section 15B Quality Control
Section 15C Quality Assessment
Section 15D Evaluating Quality Assurance Data
Section 15E Key Terms
Section 15F Summary
Section 15G Problems
Section 15H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Section 10H Spectroscopy Based on Scattering
Section 10I Key Terms
Section 10J Chapter Summary
Section 10K Problems
Section 10L Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 11A Overview of Electrochemistry
Section 11B Potentiometric Methods
Section 11C Coulometric Methods
Section 11D Voltammetric and Amperometric Methods
Section 11E Key Terms
Section 11F Chapter Summary
Section 11G Problems
Section 11H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 12A Overview of Analytical Separations
Section 12B General Theory of Column Chromatography
Section 12C Optimizing Chromatographic Separations
Section 12D Gas Chromatography
Section 12E High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Section 12F Other Chromatographic Techniques
Section 12G Electrophoresis
Section 12H Key Terms
Section12I Chapter Summary
Section 12J Problems
Section 12K Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 13A Kinetic Techniques versus Equilibrium Techniques
Section 13B Chemical Kinetics
Section 13C Radiochemistry
Section 13D Flow Injection Analysis
Section 13E Key Terms
Section 13F Chapter Summary
Section 13G Problems
Section 13H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 14A Optimizing the Experimental Procedure
Section 14B Verifying the Method
Section 14C Validating the Method as a Standard Method
Section 14D Using Excel and R for an Analysis of Variance
Section 14E Key Terms
Section 14F Summary
Section 14G Problems
Section 14H Solutions to Practice Exercises
Chapter Overview
Section 15A The Analytical Perspective—Revisited
Section 15B Quality Control
Section 15C Quality Assessment
Section 15D Evaluating Quality Assurance Data
Section 15E Key Terms
Section 15F Summary
Section 15G Problems
Section 15H Solutions to Practice Exercises
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